Methods of treating fabry disease in patients having the G9331A mutation in the GLA gene

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods of treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease and methods of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease. Certain methods comprise administering to a patient a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. Also described are uses of pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of Fabry disease and compositions for use in the treatment of Fabry disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/311,511, filed Mar. 22, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Principles and embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the use of pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of Fabry disease, particularly in patients with splice site mutations in intron 4 of the GLA gene.

BACKGROUND

Many human diseases result from mutations that cause changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein which reduce its stability and may prevent it from folding properly. Proteins generally fold in a specific region of the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. The cell has quality control mechanisms that ensure that proteins are folded into their correct three-dimensional shape before they can move from the ER to the appropriate destination in the cell, a process generally referred to as protein trafficking. Misfolded proteins are often eliminated by the quality control mechanisms after initially being retained in the ER. In certain instances, misfolded proteins can accumulate in the ER before being eliminated. The retention of misfolded proteins in the ER interrupts their proper trafficking, and the resulting reduced biological activity can lead to impaired cellular function and ultimately to disease. In addition, the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER may lead to various types of stress on cells, which may also contribute to cellular dysfunction and disease.

The majority of genetic mutations that lead to the production of less stable or misfolded proteins are called missense mutations. These mutations result in the substitution of a single amino acid for another in the protein. However, in addition to missense mutations, there are also other types of mutations that can result in proteins with reduced biological activity. Another type of mutation that can cause disease is a splice site mutation. Splice site mutations are mutations in which nucleotides are inserted, deleted or changed in number in the site where splicing of an intron takes place. This mutation can lead to incorrect processing of mRNA precursors, including exon skipping or splicing at cryptic splice points, resulting in gross structural and functional alterations.

Such mutations can lead to lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), which are characterized by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes due to mutations in the genes encoding the lysosomal enzymes. This results in the pathologic accumulation of substrates of those enzymes, which include lipids, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides. Although there are many different mutant genotypes associated with each LSD, many of the mutations are missense mutations which can lead to the production of a less stable enzyme. These less stable enzymes are sometimes prematurely degraded by the ER-associated degradation pathway. This results in the enzyme deficiency in the lysosome, and the pathologic accumulation of substrate. Such mutant enzymes are sometimes referred to in the pertinent art as “folding mutants” or “conformational mutants.”

Fabry Disease is an LSD caused by a mutation to the GLA gene, which encodes the enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). The mutation causes the substrate globotriaosylceramide (Gb3, GL-3, or ceramide trihexoside) to accumulate in various tissues and organs. Males with Fabry disease are hemizygotes because the disease genes are encoded on the X chromosome. Fabry disease is estimated to affect 1 in 40,000 and 60,000 males, and occurs less frequently in females. There have been several approaches to treatment of Fabry disease.

One approved therapy for treating Fabry disease is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which typically involves intravenous, infusion of a purified form of the corresponding wild-type protein (Fabrazyme®, Genzyme Corp.). One of the main complications with enzyme replacement therapy is attainment and maintenance of therapeutically effective amounts of protein in vivo due to rapid degradation of the infused protein. The current approach to overcome this problem is to perform numerous costly high dose infusions. ERT has several additional caveats, such as difficulties with large-scale generation, purification, and storage of properly folded protein; obtaining glycosylated native protein; generation of an anti-protein immune response; and inability of protein to cross the blood-brain barrier to mitigate central nervous system pathologies (i.e., low bioavailability). In addition, replacement enzyme cannot penetrate the heart or kidney in sufficient amounts to reduce substrate accumulation in the renal podocytes or cardiac myocytes, which figure prominently in Fabry pathology.

Gene therapy using recombinant vectors containing nucleic acid sequences that encode a functional protein, or using genetically modified human cells that express a functional protein, is also being developed to treat protein deficiencies and other disorders that benefit from protein replacement.

A third approach to treating some enzyme deficiencies involves the use of small molecule inhibitors to reduce production of the natural substrate of deficient enzyme proteins, thereby ameliorating the pathology. This “substrate reduction” approach has been specifically described for a class of about 40 related enzyme disorders called lysosomal storage disorders that include glycosphingolipid storage disorders. The small molecule inhibitors proposed for use as therapy are specific for inhibiting the enzymes involved in synthesis of glycolipids, reducing the amount of cellular glycolipid that needs to be broken down by the deficient enzyme.

Another approach to treating Fabry disease has been treatment with what are called specific pharmacological chaperones (SPCs). Such SPCs include small molecule inhibitors of α-Gal A, which can bind to the α-Gal A to increase the stability of both mutant enzyme and the corresponding wild type. However, successful candidates for SPC therapy should have a mutation which results in the production of an enzyme that has the potential to be stabilized and folded into a conformation that permits trafficking out of the ER. Mutations which severely truncate the enzyme, such as nonsense mutations, or mutations in the catalytic domain which prevent binding of the chaperone, will not be as likely to be “rescuable” or “enhanceable” using SPC therapy, i.e., to respond to SPC therapy. While missense mutations outside the catalytic site are more likely to be rescuable using SPCs, there is no guarantee, necessitating screening for responsive mutations.

Thus, even when Fabry disease is diagnosed by detecting deficient α-Gal A activity in plasma or peripheral leukocytes (WBCs), it is very difficult, if not impossible, to predict whether a particular Fabry patient will respond to treatment with an SPC. Moreover, since WBCs only survive for a short period of time in culture (in vitro), screening for SPC enhancement of α-Gal A is difficult and not optimal for the patient.

While some methods for evaluating screening patients for responsiveness to SPC therapy have been developed, these may not be applicable to all GLA mutations that cause Fabry disease. This means that there are Fabry patients who are not receiving SPC treatment because they have not been identified as treatable, although they may in fact be good candidates. Thus, there remains a need to identify new GLA mutations that will be responsive to SPC and make available new methods of treatment to Fabry patients with these mutations.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the invention pertains to a method of treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease. The method comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof. In one or more embodiments, the dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg. In some embodiments, the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. In one or more embodiments, the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is administered orally or by injection. These embodiments may be combined with one another or with other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to amenable mutations, suitable SPCs and dosages, formulations and routs of administration thereof.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease. The method comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof. In one or more embodiments, the dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg. In some embodiments, the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. In one or more embodiments, the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is administered orally or by injection. These embodiments may be combined with one another or with other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to amenable mutations, suitable SPCs and dosages, formulations and routs of administration thereof.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof. In one or more embodiments, the dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg. In some embodiments, the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. In one or more embodiments, the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is administered orally or by injection. These embodiments may be combined with one another or with other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to amenable mutations, suitable SPCs and dosages, formulations and routs of administration thereof.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof. In one or more embodiments, the dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg. In some embodiments, the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. In one or more embodiments, the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is administered orally or by injection. These embodiments may be combined with one another or with other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease or use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to amenable mutations, suitable SPCs and dosages, formulations and routs of administration thereof.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of Fabry disease comprising a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A.

Various embodiments are listed below. It will be understood that the embodiments listed below may be combined not only as listed below, but in other suitable combinations in accordance with the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-E shows the full DNA sequence of human wild type GLA gene (SEQ ID NO: 1);

FIG. 2 shows the wild type GLA protein (SEQ ID NO: 2);

FIG. 3 shows a partial sequence of the GLA gene showing splice site mutation G9331A (SEQ ID NO: 3);

FIG. 4 shows the α-Gal A activity in mutant lymphoblasts exposed to DGJ;

FIG. 5 shows the α-Gal A activity in control lymphoblasts exposed to DGJ;

FIG. 6 is a Western blot showing α-Gal A activity in mutant lymphoblasts with and without incubation with DGJ;

FIG. 7 is an electrophoresis gel showing the presence of an SRY gene;

FIG. 8 is an electrophoresis gel showing the presence or absence of a Bfa I restriction site; and

FIG. 9 shows the sequencing of three amplified PCR fragments from lymphoblast genomic DNA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before describing several exemplary embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways.

Various aspects of the invention pertain to identification of new GLA mutations in Fabry patients who will respond to treatment with pharmacological chaperones. Other aspects of the invention pertain to the treatment of these Fabry patients, as well. For example, it has been surprisingly discovered that the low α-Gal A activity resulting from the splice site mutation G9331A in the GLA gene can be increased when exposed to pharmacological chaperones. By extension, patients with these types of mutations will be responsive to treatment with pharmacological chaperones, where it was previously thought that patients with a splice site mutation in the GLA gene would not be responsive to treatment because splice site mutations generally cause such major changes in the enzyme.

Definitions

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of this invention and in the specific context where each term is used. Certain terms are discussed below, or elsewhere in the specification, to provide additional guidance to the practitioner in describing the compositions and methods of the invention and how to make and use them.

The term “Fabry disease” refers to an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism due to deficient lysosomal α-galactosidase A activity. This defect causes accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (ceramide trihexoside) and related glycosphingolipids in vascular endothelial lysosomes of the heart, kidneys, skin, and other tissues.

The term “atypical Fabry disease” refers to patients with primarily cardiac manifestations of the α-Gal A deficiency, namely progressive globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) accumulation in myocardial cells that leads to significant enlargement of the heart, particularly the left ventricle.

A “carrier” is a female who has one X chromosome with a defective α-Gal A gene and one X chromosome with the normal gene and in whom X chromosome inactivation of the normal allele is present in one or more cell types. A carrier is often diagnosed with Fabry disease.

A “patient” refers to a subject who has been diagnosed with or is suspected of having a particular disease. The patient may be human or animal.

A “Fabry disease patient” refers to an individual who has been diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease and has a mutated α-Gal A as defined further below. Characteristic markers of Fabry disease can occur in male hemizygotes and female carriers with the same prevalence, although females typically are less severely affected.

Human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) refers to an enzyme encoded by the human GLA gene. The full DNA sequence of α-Gal A, including introns and exons, is available in GenBank Accession No. X14448.1 and shown in FIGS. 1A-E (SEQ ID NO: 1). The human α-Gal A enzyme consists of 429 amino acids and is available in GenBank Accession Nos. X14448.1 and U78027 and shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2).

The term “mutant protein” includes a protein which has a mutation in the gene encoding the protein which results in the inability of the protein to achieve a stable conformation under the conditions normally present in the ER. The failure to achieve a stable conformation results in a substantial amount of the enzyme being degraded, rather than being transported to the lysosome. Such a mutation is sometimes called a “conformational mutant.” Such mutations include, but are not limited to, missense mutations, and in-frame small deletions and insertions.

As used herein in one embodiment, the term “mutant α-Gal A” includes an α-Gal A which has a mutation in the gene encoding α-Gal A which results in the inability of the enzyme to achieve a stable conformation under the conditions normally present in the ER. The failure to achieve a stable conformation results in a substantial amount of the enzyme being degraded, rather than being transported to the lysosome.

As used herein, the term “specific pharmacological chaperone” (“SPC”) or “pharmacological chaperone” refers to any molecule including a small molecule, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, etc. that specifically binds to a protein and has one or more of the following effects: (i) enhances the formation of a stable molecular conformation of the protein; (ii) induces trafficking of the protein from the ER to another cellular location, preferably a native cellular location, i.e., prevents ER-associated degradation of the protein; (iii) prevents aggregation of misfolded proteins; and/or (iv) restores or enhances at least partial wild-type function and/or activity to the protein. A compound that specifically binds to e.g., α-Gal A, means that it binds to and exerts a chaperone effect on the enzyme and not a generic group of related or unrelated enzymes. More specifically, this term does not refer to endogenous chaperones, such as BiP, or to non-specific agents which have demonstrated non-specific chaperone activity against various proteins, such as glycerol, DMSO or deuterated water, i.e., chemical chaperones. In the present invention, the SPC may be a reversible competitive inhibitor.

A “competitive inhibitor” of an enzyme can refer to a compound which structurally resembles the chemical structure and molecular geometry of the enzyme substrate to bind the enzyme in approximately the same location as the substrate. Thus, the inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule, thus increasing the Km. Competitive inhibition is usually reversible if sufficient substrate molecules are available to displace the inhibitor, i.e., competitive inhibitors can bind reversibly. Therefore, the amount of enzyme inhibition depends upon the inhibitor concentration, substrate concentration, and the relative affinities of the inhibitor and substrate for the active site.

As used herein, the term “specifically binds” refers to the interaction of a pharmacological chaperone with a protein such as α-Gal A, specifically, an interaction with amino acid residues of the protein that directly participate in contacting the pharmacological chaperone. A pharmacological chaperone specifically binds a target protein, e.g., α-Gal A, to exert a chaperone effect on the protein and not a generic group of related or unrelated proteins. The amino acid residues of a protein that interact with any given pharmacological chaperone may or may not be within the protein's “active site.” Specific binding can be evaluated through routine binding assays or through structural studies, e.g., co-crystallization, NMR, and the like. The active site for α-Gal A is the substrate binding site.

“Deficient α-Gal A activity” refers to α-Gal A activity in cells from a patient which is below the normal range as compared (using the same methods) to the activity in normal individuals not having or suspected of having Fabry or any other disease (especially a blood disease).

As used herein, the terms “enhance α-Gal A activity” or “increase α-Gal A activity” refer to increasing the amount of α-Gal A that adopts a stable conformation in a cell contacted with a pharmacological chaperone specific for the α-Gal A, relative to the amount in a cell (preferably of the same cell-type or the same cell, e.g., at an earlier time) not contacted with the pharmacological chaperone specific for the α-Gal A. This term also refers to increasing the trafficking of α-Gal A to the lysosome in a cell contacted with a pharmacological chaperone specific for the α-Gal A, relative to the trafficking of α-Gal A not contacted with the pharmacological chaperone specific for the protein. These terms refer to both wild-type and mutant α-Gal A. In one embodiment, the increase in the amount of α-Gal A in the cell is measured by measuring the hydrolysis of an artificial substrate in lysates from cells that have been treated with the SPC. An increase in hydrolysis is indicative of increased α-Gal A activity.

The term “α-Gal A activity” refers to the normal physiological function of a wild-type α-Gal A in a cell. For example, α-Gal A activity includes hydrolysis of GL-3.

A “responder” is an individual diagnosed with or suspected of having a lysosomal storage disorder, such, for example Fabry disease, whose cells exhibit sufficiently increased α-Gal A activity, respectively, and/or amelioration of symptoms or improvement in surrogate markers, in response to contact with an SPC. Non-limiting examples of improvements in surrogate markers for Fabry are lyso-GB3 and those disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. US 2010-0113517.

Non-limiting examples of improvements in surrogate markers for Fabry disease disclosed in US 2010/0113517 include increases in α-Gal A levels or activity in cells (e.g., fibroblasts) and tissue; reductions in of GL-3 accumulation; decreased plasma concentrations of homocysteine and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); decreased GL-3 accumulation within myocardial cells and valvular fibrocytes; reduction in cardiac hypertrophy (especially of the left ventricle), amelioration of valvular insufficiency, and arrhythmias; amelioration of proteinuria; decreased urinary concentrations of lipids such as CTH, lactosylceramide, ceramide, and increased urinary concentrations of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin; the absence of laminated inclusion bodies (Zebra bodies) in glomerular epithelial cells; improvements in renal function; mitigation of hypohidrosis; the absence of angiokeratomas; and improvements hearing abnormalities such as high frequency sensorineural hearing loss progressive hearing loss, sudden deafness, or tinnitus. Improvements in neurological symptoms include prevention of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke; and amelioration of neuropathic pain manifesting itself as acroparaesthesia (burning or tingling in extremities). Another type of clinical marker that can be assessed for Fabry disease is the prevalence of deleterious cardiovascular manifestations. Common cardiac-related signs and symptoms of Fabry disease include Left ventricular hypertrophy, valvular disease (especially mitral valve prolapse and/or regurgitation), premature coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure.

The dose that achieves one or more of the aforementioned responses is a “therapeutically effective dose.”

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce untoward reactions when administered to a human. In some embodiments, as used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” in reference to a pharmaceutical carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils. Water or aqueous solution saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions are preferably employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin, 18th Edition, or other editions.

As used herein, the term “isolated” means that the referenced material is removed from the environment in which it is normally found. Thus, an isolated biological material can be free of cellular components, i.e., components of the cells in which the material is found or produced. In the case of nucleic acid molecules, an isolated nucleic acid includes a PCR product, an mRNA band on a gel, a cDNA, or a restriction fragment. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid is preferably excised from the chromosome in which it may be found, and more preferably is no longer joined to non-regulatory, non-coding regions, or to other genes, located upstream or downstream of the gene contained by the isolated nucleic acid molecule when found in the chromosome. In yet another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid lacks one or more introns. Isolated nucleic acids include sequences inserted into plasmids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes, and the like. Thus, in a specific embodiment, a recombinant nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid. An isolated protein may be associated with other proteins or nucleic acids, or both, with which it associates in the cell, or with cellular membranes if it is a membrane-associated protein. An isolated organelle, cell, or tissue is removed from the anatomical site in which it is found in an organism. An isolated material may be, but need not be, purified.

The terms “about” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Typical, exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of a given value or range of values. Alternatively, and particularly in biological systems, the terms “about” and “approximately” may mean values that are within an order of magnitude, preferably within 10- or 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold of a given value. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate unless stated otherwise, meaning that the term “about” or “approximately” can be inferred when not expressly stated.

The term “enzyme replacement therapy” or “ERT” refers to the introduction of a non-native, purified enzyme into an individual having a deficiency in such enzyme. The administered protein can be obtained from natural sources or by recombinant expression (as described in greater detail below). The term also refers to the introduction of a purified enzyme in an individual otherwise requiring or benefiting from administration of a purified enzyme, e.g., suffering from enzyme insufficiency. The introduced enzyme may be a purified, recombinant enzyme produced in vitro, or protein purified from isolated tissue or fluid, such as, e.g., placenta or animal milk, or from plants.

Pharmacological Chaperones

The binding of small molecule inhibitors of enzymes associated with LSDs can increase the stability of both mutant enzyme and the corresponding wild-type enzyme (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,274,597; 6,583,158; 6,589,964; 6,599,919; 6,916,829, and 7,141,582 all incorporated herein by reference). In particular, administration of small molecule derivatives of glucose and galactose, which are specific, selective competitive inhibitors for several target lysosomal enzymes, effectively increased the stability of the enzymes in cells in vitro and, thus, increased trafficking of the enzymes to the lysosome. Thus, by increasing the amount of enzyme in the lysosome, hydrolysis of the enzyme substrates is expected to increase. The original theory behind this strategy was as follows: since the mutant enzyme protein is unstable in the ER (Ishii et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1996; 220: 812-815), the enzyme protein is retarded in the normal transport pathway (ER→Golgi apparatus→endosomes→lysosome) and prematurely degraded. Therefore, a compound which binds to and increases the stability of a mutant enzyme, may serve as a “chaperone” for the enzyme and increase the amount that can exit the ER and move to the lysosomes. In addition, because the folding and trafficking of some wild-type proteins is incomplete, with up to 70% of some wild-type proteins being degraded in some instances prior to reaching their final cellular location, the chaperones can be used to stabilize wild-type enzymes and increase the amount of enzyme which can exit the ER and be trafficked to lysosomes. This strategy has been shown to increase several lysosomal enzymes in vitro and in vivo, including β-glucocerebrosidase and α-glucosidase, deficiencies of which are associated with Gaucher and Pompe disease, respectively.

In one or more embodiments, the SPC is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ) which refers to a compound having the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin. The hydrochloride salt of DGJ is known as migalastat hydrochloride (Migalastat).

Still other SPCs for α-Gal A are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,274,597, 6,774,135, and 6,599,919, and include α-3,4-di-epi-homonojirimycin, 4-epi-fagomine, α-allo-homonojirimycin, N-methyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin, β-1-C-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin, α-galacto-homonojirimycin, calystegine A₃, calystegine B₂, calystegine B₃, N-methyl-calystegine A₃, N-methyl-calystegine B₂ and N-methyl-calystegine B₃.

In a specific embodiment, the SPC comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof. In further embodiments, the SPC comprises 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride.

Any of these SPCs for α-Gal A may be used in combination with any of the other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to suitable doses of SPCs, amenable mutations and to the treatment of a Fabry patient having a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A.

Identification of GLA Mutations Responsive to Pharmacological Chaperones

Because Fabry disease is rare, involves multiple organs, has a wide age range of onset, and is heterogeneous, proper diagnosis is a challenge. Awareness is low among health care professionals and misdiagnoses are frequent. Diagnosis of Fabry disease is most often confirmed on the basis of decreased α-Gal A activity in plasma or peripheral leukocytes (WBCs) once a patient is symptomatic, coupled with mutational analysis. In females, diagnosis is even more challenging since the enzymatic identification of carrier females is less reliable due to random X-chromosomal inactivation in some cells of carriers. For example, some obligate carriers (daughters of classically affected males) have α-Gal A enzyme activities ranging from normal to very low activities. Since carriers can have normal α-Gal A enzyme activity in leukocytes, only the identification of an α-Gal A mutation by genetic testing provides precise carrier identification and/or diagnosis.

An “amenable mutation” as used herein means that the α-Gal A activity of a cell having the mutation will increase when incubated with a pharmacological chaperone of α-Gal A. In some embodiments, the following criteria will be met: ≥about 1.2-fold relative increase in α-Gal A activity and/or ≥about a 3.0% of wild-type (WT) absolute increase after 10 μM pharmacological chaperone incubation. In some embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone is migalastat. Any of the embodiments relating to amenable mutations can be combined with any of the other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to the SPCs, suitable dosages thereof, and to the treatment of a Fabry patient having a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A.

Previous screening methods have been provided that assess enzyme enhancement prior to the initiation of treatment. For example, an assay using HEK-293 cells has been utilized in clinical trials to predict whether a given mutation will be responsive to pharmacological chaperone (e.g., migalastat) treatment. In this assay, cDNA constructs are created. The corresponding α-Gal A mutant forms are transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells. Cells are then incubated±migalastat (17 nM to 1 mM) for 4 to 5 days. After, α-Gal A levels are measured in cell lysates using a synthetic fluorogenic substrate (4-MU-α-Gal) or by western blot. This has been done for known disease-causing missense or small in-frame insertion/deletion mutations. Mutations that have previously been identified as responsive to an SPC (e.g. DGJ) using these methods are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,362. However, this HEK-293 assay uses recombinant GLA cDNA; thus, the mutant α-Gal A is expressed independent of pre-mRNA splicing, and the HEK-293 assay cannot be used to predict response of splice site mutations.

Nevertheless, as described herein, lymphoblast assays may instead be used to identify mutations that meet the above-mentioned amenability criteria. For the splice site mutations described herein, lymphoblast cultures can be derived from male patients with the mutation, followed by the assay. Lymphoblasts may be derived by culturing in a suspension in a medium (e.g., supplemented with fetal calf serum and penicillin-streptomycin at 37° C., 5% CO2). Fabry patient lymphoblast lines can then be immortalized and established by phytohaemagglutininstimulated Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells using blood samples. The lymphoblasts can then be seeded and incubated with varying concentrations of chaperone, and evaluated using methods known in the art (See e.g., Benjamin E. R., et al. Inherited Metab. Dis. 2009; 32:424-440).

Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to a method for determining whether a Fabry disease patient will respond to treatment with a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient does not have a missense mutation in an exon of the of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A (SEQ ID NO: 1), the method comprising isolating genomic DNA encoding α-galactosidase A from a sample of lymphoblasts from the patient, optionally amplifying the DNA or a fragment thereof comprising intron 4 and determining the presence or absence of a splice site mutation in intron 4, wherein a patient having a splice site mutation in intron 4 is responsive to treatment with a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A.

Splice Site Mutations in Intron 4 and the Treatment of Fabry Disease

Accordingly, one or more embodiments pertains to the treatment of a Fabry patient having a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. Because splice site mutations occur in the introns, mutations are described relative to the full GLA DNA sequence, shown in FIGS. 1A-E (SEQ ID NO: 1). Intron 4 spans nucleic acid positions 8413 through 10130 relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. One such mutation is the G9331A mutation (also known as IVS4+919G→A). An excerpt of the GLA DNA sequence showing this mutation is shown in FIG. 3 and SEQ ID NO: 3. This mutation is associated with the cardiac variant form of Fabry disease. Specifically, patients with this form of the disease may experience left-ventricular hypertrophy and have cardiomyopathy. This mutation also has shown a high prevalence among newborns (˜1 in 1600 males) and patients with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Taiwan Chinese population (Lin, H., et al. Cardiovascular Genetics. 2009; 2:450-456). Indeed, the mutation was found in 82% of newborns who screened positive for Fabry disease in the Taiwan Chinese population (Id.). In the GLA gene, G9331A occurs in the middle of intron 4 (Ishii, et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:994-1002, 2002). This mutation results in the increased recognition of a normally weak splice site, resulting in the insertion of an additional 57-nucleotide sequence into the α-Gal A transcript. The inserted sequence introduces a premature termination codon downstream from exon 4, with a predicted truncated protein product of 222 amino acid residues. The abnormal α-Gal A mRNA comprised more than 70% of the total α-Gal A mRNA in lymphoblasts derived from a male Fabry patient with this mutation. However, some wild-type α-Gal A mRNA was expressed and the resultant residual α-Gal A activity was less than 10% of normal (Ishii, Nakao et al. 2002).

As shown in the examples below, the G9331A mutation was assessed for response to DGJ in a male Fabry patient derived lymphoblast assay. The male Fabry patient lymphoblast assay correlates with the HEK assay (Wu et al. Human Mutation 2011, FIG. 5), and this mutation meets the amenability criteria based on the lymphoblast assay. Because the mutation meets the aforementioned amenability criteria in the lymphoblast assay, it is thought that the mutation will show a response to DGJ in vivo. Further, the age of onset, progression, and severity of Fabry disease is at least partly dependent on the rate of substrate accumulation, which correlates to the enzymatic activity in lysosomes. Thus, a complete lack of residual activity can correspond to rapid substrate accumulation, and therefore a more severe form of the disease (having early onset and rapid progression). However, even small quantities of residual activity may be enough to degrade a large amounts of substrate. This in turn would lead to milder disease with later onset and slower progression because of the slowed. Considering these factors, it is thought that even modest increases in enzymatic activity can reduce the effect of a severe clinical phenotype. Data suggests that for most LSDs, just 1% to 6% of normal activity has been estimated as sufficient to delay or prevent disease onset or yield a more mild form of the disease. That is, just small increases in activity could have a significant impact on substrate levels, and hence disease severity and the rate of disease progression. Conversely, it is expected that a mutant lysosomal enzyme that shows no response in vitro would also not respond in vivo.

Accordingly, one aspect of the invention pertains to use of SPCs for the treatment of Fabry disease in a patient having a mutation in the gene encoding α-galactosidase A, wherein the patient is identified as having a splice site mutation in intron 4 relative to a human α-galactosidase A encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. Another aspect of the invention pertains a method of treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease. In one or more embodiments, the method comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmacological chaperone (SPC) of α-Gal A. In further embodiments, the patient has a splice site mutation in intron 4 of the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase A. Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease. In one or more embodiments, the method comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmacological chaperone (SPC) of α-Gal A, wherein the patient has a mutant α-galactosidase A encoded by a nucleic acid sequence having a splice site mutation relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. Details and further embodiments of these uses and methods follows below. Any of the embodiments relating a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease wherein the patient is identified as having a splice site mutation in intron 4 relative to a human α-galactosidase A encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 can be combined with any of the other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to the SPCs and suitable dosages thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the patient may have other mutations in their GLA gene. For example, there may be other mutations in the intron region which may or may not affect the resulting α-Gal A enzyme. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the patient has mutant α-galactosidase A encoded by a nucleic acid sequence having 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the patient has a mutation consisting essentially of G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. Again, any of these embodiments can be combined with any of the other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to amenable mutations, the SPCs and suitable dosages thereof.

It is unexpected that pharmacological chaperones would be effective to treat Fabry disease due to such splice site mutations. As discussed above, it is not even possible to test such mutations via the standard HEK-293 assay to determine responsiveness to incubation with pharmacological chaperone. Moreover, with respect to G9331A, it had been previously thought that the G9331A mutation was unresponsive to treatment with DGJ (See Benjamin E. R., et al. Inherited Metab. Dis. 2009; 32:424-440). Furthermore, the amenability of G9331A could not be predicted from the mutations known to be responsive because splice site mutations can lead to incorrect processing of mRNA precursors, including exon skipping or splicing at cryptic splice points, resulting in gross structural and functional alterations. While not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is thought that pharmacological chaperones are effective by enhancing the activity of the small amounts of wild-type enzyme produced. The synthesis, folding and trafficking of the wild-type enzyme may not be completely efficient. The pharmacological chaperone may stabilize the wild-type.

Treatment of a patient having the G9331 mutation or another splice site mutation in intron 4 is expected to result in amelioration of one or more of the symptoms described above. Treatment progress can be evaluated and monitored by tracking certain parameters. For example, as discussed above, one clinical marker that can be assessed for Fabry disease is the prevalence of deleterious cardiovascular manifestations. Cardiac complications are common in Fabry disease and are the main cause of death. The most frequent cardiac manifestation is LVH, which is an important risk factor for cardiac events. Reduction of LV-mass has been shown to improve outcomes in these patients. Migalastat treatment for up to 24-months significantly reduced LVMi, with larger decreases seen in patients with baseline LVH. The effect of ERT on LV-mass appears to be inconsistent. In a recent study, LVMi continued to increase in men >30 years of age treated with ERT. Another ERT study found that the initial improvement in LVMi diminished over time. As indicated by stable left ventricular posterior wall thickness and the decrease in intraventricular septal wall thickness, the reduction in LVMi in migalastat-treated patients in our study was not due to fibrosis. This reduction in LVMi is expected to contribute to a decrease in the cardiac complications that are common in Fabry disease.

Progressive decline in renal function is also a major complication of Fabry disease. For example, patients associated with a classic Fabry phenotype, which is associated with progressive renal impairment that can lead to dialysis or renal transplantation. The Chronic-Kidney-Disease-Prognosis-Consortium, eGFRCKD-EPI decline has been shown to be a reliable surrogate for subsequent risk of end-stage-renal disease and mortality.

Another method for monitoring treatment is to follow lyso-GB₃ (globotriaosylsphingosine) as a biomarker. Lyso-GB₃ is normally increased in patients with the disease, and can be detected in the urine. Thus, successful treatment of a patient will be marked by a decrease in the amount of lyso-GB₃.

Formulation and Administration

The dose and dosing regimen of pharmacological chaperone (e.g., DGJ) administration may vary depending on the patient since there is so much heterogeneity among mutations, and depending on the patient's residual α-GAL activity. As non-limiting examples, the following doses and regimens are expected to be sufficient to increase α-GAL in most “rescuable” individuals: 25 mg twice a day (b.i.d); 50 mg once a day; 50 mg b.i.d.; 50 mg once every other day, 75 mg once a day; 75 mg b.i.d.; 100 mg once a day; 100 mg b.i.d.; 150 mg once a day; 150 mg b.i.d., 150 mg once every other day; 250 mg once a day; 250 mg b.i.d. and 250 mg once every other day. In specific embodiments, the doses are 50 mg once a day; 50 mg once every other day; 150 mg once a day; 150 mg once every other day. In one or more embodiments, these doses pertain to 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, these doses pertain to the free base. In alternate embodiments, these doses pertain to a salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin. In further embodiments, the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. It is noted that 150 mg of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride is equivalent to 123 mg of the free base form of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin. Thus, in one or more embodiments the dose is 150 mg once every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In further embodiments, the dose is 150 mg once every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride. In other embodiments, the dose is 123 mg once every other day of the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin free base.

Administration of DGJ according to the present invention may be in a formulation suitable for any route of administration, but is preferably administered in an oral dosage form such as a tablet, capsule or solution. As one example, the patient is orally administered capsules each containing 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg or 150 mg 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt.

In particular embodiments, the dose of SPC (e.g., 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof) is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In further embodiments, the dose of SPC (e.g., 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride) is about 150 mg every other day. In some embodiments, the SPC (e.g., 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof) is administered orally. In one or more embodiments, the SPC (e.g., 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof) is administered by injection. The SPC may be accompanied by a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which may depend on the method of administration.

In one embodiment of the invention, the chaperone compound is administered as monotherapy, and can be in a form suitable for any route of administration, including e.g., orally in the form tablets or capsules or liquid, in sterile aqueous solution for injection, or in a dry lyophilized powder to be added to the formulation of the replacement enzyme during or immediately after reconstitution to prevent enzyme aggregation in vitro prior to administration.

When the chaperone compound is formulated for oral administration, the tablets or capsules can be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. jpregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate. Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active chaperone compound.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the chaperone compound suitable for parenteral/injectable use generally include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble), or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, benzyl alchohol, sorbic acid, and the like. In many cases, it will be reasonable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monosterate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the purified enzyme and the chaperone compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter or terminal sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze-drying technique which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

The formulation can contain an excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which may be included in the formulation are buffers such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer, amino acids, urea, alcohols, ascorbic acid, phospholipids; proteins, such as serum albumin, collagen, and gelatin; salts such as EDTA or EGTA, and sodium chloride; liposomes; polyvinylpyrollidone; sugars, such as dextran, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol; propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG-4000, PEG-6000); glycerol; glycine or other amino acids; and lipids. Buffer systems for use with the formulations include citrate; acetate; bicarbonate; and phosphate buffers. Phosphate buffer is a preferred embodiment.

The route of administration of the chaperone compound may be oral (preferably) or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, ophthalmic, intramuscular, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intraorbital, intracerebral, intradermal, intracranial, intraspinal, intraventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intracapsular, intrapulmonary, intranasal, transmucosal, transdermal, or via inhalation.

Administration of the above-described parenteral formulations of the chaperone compound may be by periodic injections of a bolus of the preparation, or may be administered by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration from a reservoir which is external (e.g., an i.v. bag) or internal (e.g., a bioerodable implant).

Embodiments relating to pharmaceutical formulations and administration may be combined with any of the other embodiments of the invention, for example embodiments relating to a method of treating a patient with Fabry disease, a method of enhancing α-galactosidase A in a patient diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, use of a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease or to a pharmacological chaperone for α-galactosidase A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease as well as embodiments relating to amenable mutations, the SPCs and suitable dosages thereof.

In one or more embodiments, chaperone is administered in combination with enzyme replacement therapy. Enzyme replacement therapy increases the amount of protein by exogenously introducing wild-type or biologically functional enzyme by way of infusion. This therapy has been developed for many genetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders Fabry disease, as referenced above. After the infusion, the exogenous enzyme is expected to be taken up by tissues through non-specific or receptor-specific mechanism. In general, the uptake efficiency is not high, and the circulation time of the exogenous protein is short. In addition, the exogenous protein is unstable and subject to rapid intracellular degradation as well as having the potential for adverse immunological reactions with subsequent treatments. In one or more embodiments, the chaperone is administered at the same time as replacement enzyme. In some embodiments, the chaperone is co-formulated with the replacement enzyme.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “certain embodiments,” “various embodiments,” “one or more embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in one or more embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” “in various embodiments,” “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Effect of DGJ on G9331A Mutation

The effect of DGJ in a male Fabry lymphoblast line with confirmed presence of the G9331A GLA mutation was studied to determine the magnitude and EC₅₀ values. G9331A or normal human (positive control) lymphoblasts were seeded at 25,000 cells per well (in 96-well plates). The lymphoblasts were then incubated±DGJ (10-point concentration-response curves) for 5 days. The concentration range for both cell lines was 5 nM to 100 μM. The α-Gal A activity in cell lysates was measured using the 4-MUG synthetic fluorogenic substrate. Maximum levels in the presence of DGJ are defined as the top of the sigmoidal concentration-response curve. It was then determined if α-Gal A levels were increased in response to DGJ. Enzyme assay results were confirmed by western blot.

FIGS. 4 and 5 show representative α-Gal A activity data in mutant and normal lymphoblasts, respectively. As seen in the figures, both the G9331A and normal positive control lymphoblasts show concentration-dependent increased levels in response to DGJ. Data points are the mean±SEM of quadruplicate determinations. The data represent the results of four independent experiments.

A summary of the α-Gal A activity is shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Lymphoblast α-Gal A activity data summary % of −DGJ +DGJ WT @ Relative α-Gal A % of α-Gal A % of Relative EC₅₀ 10 μM Increase @ Cell Line N activity WT activity WT Increase (μM) DGJ^(#) 10 μM DGJ^(#) T-test Normal 4 36 ± 6  100 ± 0  58 ± 7  167 ± 10 1.6 ± 0.1*** 0.52 ± 0.2 164 1.6 0.0008 G9331A 4 6.2 ± 1   19 ± 5  9.8 ± 1.2 31 ± 6 1.6 ± 0.2*  0.63 ± 0.3  30 1.6 0.0155 α-Gal A activity, nmol/mg protein/hr; % of WT, percent of wild-type α-Gal A activity without AT1001; Columns with the symbol “^(#)” indicate that the values at 10 μM AT1001 are calculated based on the measured baseline, maximum and EC₅₀ values using a sigmoidal concentration-response equation that assumes a Hill slope of 1 (maximum levels in the presence of AT1001 are defined as the top of the sigmoidal concentration-response curve); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by two-tailed, paired t-test comparing baseline and maximum α-Gal A activity.

As shown in Table 1, for this ‘leaky splice site’ mutation, the G9331A lymphoblasts have lower than normal baseline α-Gal A activity. However the maximum relative increase and EC₅₀ value are virtually equivalent to those of normal lymphoblasts. In addition, significant increases in α-Gal A protein levels, similar to those of normal lymphoblasts, were seen in response to DGJ incubation of this Fabry cell line (G9331A, 2.1±0.5-fold, n=3; Wild Type, 1.8±0.1-fold, n=6). The results from the IVS4+919G→A lymphoblasts meet the HEK-293 cell criteria for an ‘eligible mutation’: α-Gal A mutant forms with a relative increase that is 1.2-fold above baseline and an absolute increase that is 3% of wild-type after incubation with 10 μM DGJ.

Western blot data was used to confirm the previous results. 40 μg lysate was loaded per lane. Representative Western blot data of the G9331A lymphoblasts is shown in FIG. 6. As seen in the figure, the Western blot demonstrated an increase in α-Gal A protein of ˜1.68-fold after incubation with 1 mM DGJ. This data represent the results of four independent experiments.

Example 2 Verification of G9331 Mutation

The presence of G9331A was confirmed in the cell line by sequencing. A 1000-bp fragment surrounding the site of the IVS4+919G→A mutation was PCR amplified from genomic DNA isolated from the mutant (tested two different cultures) or normal human lymphoblasts (wild-type). Each fragment was sequenced (Genewiz), and the presence of the IVS4+919G→A mutation was confirmed in both lots of G9331A cells whereas the wild-type sequence was confirmed in the normal cells.

Example 3 Verification of Absence of Wild-Type GLA in G9331 Lymphoblasts

Next, it was verified that the wild-type GLA gene is not present in the tested mutant lymphoblasts. Three separate strategies were used to demonstrate that the wild-type GLA gene is not present in the G9331A lymphoblasts. In all three strategies, G9331A lymphoblast samples were compared to those of wild-type lymphoblasts and a 1:1 G9331A:wild-type mixture. Samples from wild-type lymphoblasts were used as a control to show that the method is sensitive for detection of the pure wild-type gene. Samples from the mixture of mutant and wild-type lymphoblasts were used as a control to show that the method is sensitive for detection of the wild-type gene at a level expected from a heterozygous female (because no female G9331A lymphoblasts are available)

Strategy 1: PCR Amplification of a Y Chromosome-Specific Gene

Under this strategy, absence of wild-type GLA is confirmed if the cell line is from a male. If the cell line is from a male, then only the mutant allele can be present. SRY (sex-determining region Y, 614-bp; ACC#L08063) was chosen as the Y chromosome-specific gene to PCR amplify. SRY was readily amplified from the IVS4+919G→A lymphoblasts (FB-11 cell lines), indicating that the genomic DNA from these cells contains a Y chromosome. SRY was also readily amplified from wild-type lymphoblasts (wild-type cell line) and from a 1:1 mixture of genomic DNA from the two cell lines, indicating that the wild-type genomic DNA also contains a Y chromosome. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 7, where the presence of SRY in all three samples is clearly shown. In summary, these results indicate that the IVS4+919G→A lymphoblast cell line is male

Strategy 2: Demonstrate the Absence of a Bfa I Restriction Site at G9331A

In this strategy, the absence of a Bfa I restriction site at G9331A in a PCR-amplified fragment of genomic DNA indicates absence of wild-type GLA gene. The G9331A mutation disrupts a Bfa I cleavage site that is present in the wild-type GLA gene (see Ishii et al, Am J Hum Genet 70:994-1002, 2002).

A 334-bp PCR fragment surrounding IVS4+919 was amplified from lymphoblast genomic DNA, digested with Bfa I, and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. A G→A transition mutation at IVS4+919 removes a Bfa I recognition site. If wild-type GLA is present, then three bands are expected (334, 122 and 212 bp). If IVS4+919G→A is present, then only one band is expected (334 bp).

The results are shown in FIG. 8. As shown in the figure, Bfa I digestion was detected in samples from control wild-type lymphoblasts and from a 1:1 mixture of genomic DNA from the two cell lines. No Bfa I digestion was detected in IVS4+919G→A lymphoblasts, indicating that no wild-type GLA gene was present in the genomic DNA of these cells.

Strategy 3: Show Optimal Sequencing Results That Indicate the Pure Presence of G9331A

Using this strategy, optimal sequencing results are generated that clearly show the pure presence of the mutant “A” nucleotide without any hint of the wild-type “G.” First, a 1962 bp PCR-fragment was amplified from lymphoblast genomic DNA using gene-specific primers and high fidelity polymerase, Next, a 721 bp PCR-fragment was amplified using internal primers within the 1962 bp fragment. Three PCR samples were sent to GeneWiz for DNA sequencing. The results, shown in FIG. 9, suggest that only “A” is present in the sample, only “G” is present in the wild-type sample, and both “A” and “G” are present in the mixed sample This suggests that no wild-type GLA gene is present in the genomic DNA of IVS4+919G→lymphoblasts

Summary and Conclusions

As shown in the above examples, the α-Gal A activity assessed in the assay and by western blots show that α-Gal A levels are increased in response to DGJ in G9331A lymphoblasts. Further, the magnitude of the response to DGJ meets the Fabry pharmacogenetic reference table criteria for an “eligible mutation.” Further, the response was confirmed to be solely from α-Gal A produced from IVS4+919G→A GLA, as the cells were shown to be male and no evidence of a wild-type GLA allele was detected from the genomic DNA in these cells. This shows that cells with the G9331A splice site mutation will respond to treatment with chaperone, and therefore Fabry patients with this genotype may be selected for treatment with DGJ. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof, wherein the patient has a mutation in the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase, and wherein the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is from about 25 mg to about 250 mg.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the salt of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof is administered orally or by injection.
 6. A method of treating a human patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, the method comprising orally administering to the patient a therapeutically effective dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or salt thereof, wherein the patient has a mutation in the nucleic acid sequence encoding α-galactosidase, wherein the mutation is G9331A relative to SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein the dose is about 150 mg every other day of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride, or an equivalent dose of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the patient is orally administered about 150 mg of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride every other day. 